1. Dmg Special Modes Of Travel Guide
2. Dmg Special Modes Of Travel Agent
3. Other Modes Of Travel
4. Ancient Modes Of Travel
5. Dmg Special Modes Of Travel Insurance
6. Dmg Special Modes Of Travel Insurance

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mode of transport

Mode of transport is a term used to distinguish between different ways of transportation or transporting people or goods. The different modes of transport are air, water, and land transport, which includes Rails or railways, road and off-road transport. Other modes also exist, including pipelines, cable transport, and space transport. Human-powered transport and animal-powered transport are sometimes regarded as their own mode, but never fall into the other categories. In general, transportation is used for moving of people, animals, and other goods from one place to another. The means of transport, on the other hand, refers to the vehicles necessary for transport according to the chosen mode (airplane, ship, truck and rail). Each mode of transport has a fundamentally different technological solution, and some require a separate environment. Each mode has its own infrastructure, vehicles, and operations.

Animal-powered[edit]

Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the transport of people and/or goods. Humans may use some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles.

Air[edit]

A fixed-wing aircraft, typically airplane, is a heavier-than-air flying vehicle, in which the special geometry of the wings generates lift and then lifts the whole vehicle. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft. For short distances or in places without runways, helicopters can be operable.^[1] (Other types of aircraft, like autogyros and airships, are not a significant portion of air transport.)

Air transport is the fastest method of transport, Commercial jets reach speeds of up to 955 kilometres per hour (593 mph) and a considerably higher ground speed if there is a jet stream tailwind, while piston-powered general aviation aircraft may reach up to 555 kilometres per hour (345 mph) or more. This celerity comes with higher cost and energy use,^[2] and aviation's impacts to the environment and particularly the global climate require consideration when comparing modes of transportation.^[3] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates a commercial jet's flight to have some 2-4 times the effect on the climate than if the same CO₂ emissions were made at ground level, because of different atmospheric chemistry and radiative forcing effects at the higher altitude.^[4] U.S. airlines alone burned about 16.2 billion gallons of fuel during the twelve months between October 2013 and September 2014.^[5] WHO estimates that globally as many as 500,000 people at a time are on planes.^[2] The global trend has been for increasing numbers of people to travel by air, and individually to do so with increasing frequency and over longer distances, a dilemma that has the attention of climate scientists and other researchers,^[6][7][8] the press,^[9][10] and the World Wide Web.^[11] The issue of impacts from frequent travel, particularly by air because of the longer distances that are easily covered in one or a few days, is called hypermobility and has been a topic of research and governmental concern for many years.

Human-powered[edit]

Human powered transport, a form of sustainable transportation, is the transport of people and/or goods using human muscle-power, in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human power. Human-powered transport remains popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise, and environmentalism; it is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions.

Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when using the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for difficult environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowing and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft.

Land[edit]

Land transport covers all land-based transportation systems that provide for the movement of people, goods and services. Land transport plays a vital role in linking communities to each other. Land transport is a key factor in urban planning. It consists of 2 kinds, rail and road.

Rail[edit]

Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail track, known as a railway or railroad. The rails are anchored perpendicular to railroad train consists of one or more connected vehicles that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships.

Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;^[12] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 430 km/h (270 mph), but this requires a specially built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominant solution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains.

Dmg Special Modes Of Travel Guide

Road[edit]

A road is an identifiable route of travel, usually surfaced with gravel, asphalt or concrete, and supporting land passage by foot or by a number of vehicles.

The most common road vehicle in the developed world is the automobile, a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. As of 2002, there were 591 million automobiles worldwide.^{[citation needed]} Other users of roads include motorcars, motorcycles, buses, trucks, bicycles and pedestrians, and special provisions are sometimes made for each of these. For example, the use of bus lanes give priority for public transport, and cycle lanes provide special areas of road for bicycles to use.

Motorcars offer high flexibility, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.^[13] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.

Water[edit]

Water transport is the process of transport that a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, makes over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. If a boat or other vessel can successfully pass through a waterway it is known as a navigable waterway. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance. When a boat is floating on the water the hull of the boat is pushing aside water where the hull now is, this is known as displacement.

In the 1800s, the first steamboats were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now, most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans.

Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Commercial vessels, nearly 35,000 in number, carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2007.^[14] Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for transcontinental shipping;^[15]short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.^[16][17]

Other modes[edit]

Micromobility is the collective name for small electric powered vehicles.

Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can also send solid capsules using compressed air. For example liquids/gases, any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas.

Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport.

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Space transport is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, Man has landed on the moon, and probes have been sent to all the planets of the Solar System.

Unmanned aerial vehicle transport (drone transport) is being used for medicine transportation in least developed countries with inadequate infrastructure by an american based start-up Zipline^[18]. Amazon.com and other transportation companies are currently testing the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in parcel delivery. This method will allow short-range small-parcel delivery in a short time frame.

Components of a mode of transport[edit]

A transport mode is a combination of the following:

• Transportation infrastructure: thoroughfares, networks, hubs (stations, bus terminals, airport terminals), etc.
• Vehicles and containers: motor vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, trucks, wagons, trains, ships, and aircraft
• A stationary or mobile workforce
• Propulsion system and power supply (traction)
• Operations: driving, management, traffic signals, railway signalling, air traffic control, etc.

Purpose of Transport : Freight & Passenger movement and mobility are core components of a transport system.

Transportation in Ancient India ^[19][edit]

In ancient India Bullock carts were the major means of transportation on land. The basic bullock cart is similar to the ones still used in a few rural pockets of India today. A pair of animals tied to a central yoke provided the power to draw the cart. From the age of animal driven carts to high-speed automobiles today, mode of transportation in India indeed kept pace with the remarkably progress of the country. In the 20th century, the old modes of transport, the cart and the carriage were still used. The new additions especially in the north of India were all horse drawn. They were the tanga, ekka and shikram a box-like four wheeler. Hand drawn and hand pushed carts were also used for conveying people and goods. The palanquin and dolie carried by men were also used as transport for people. This was the case in cities. In the rural areas bullock carts were widely used.

The first car ran on India's roads in 1897. Prior to independence in the 1940s India had no automobile industry to speak of. Cars were brought into the country in a knocked down condition from England. They were reassembled to serve the minuscule market provided by the British ruling class and some Indian elites. The presence of such vehicles led to the birth of an indigenous spare parts industry mostly concentrated in the south of the country. Road Transport in India grew rapidly after 1947 owing to rapid growth in urbanization and per capita income and to the vehicle production moving there. Motor vehicles have brought enormous social and economic benefits. They have enabled flexibility in where people live and work, the rapid and timely distribution of manufactured goods, and ready access to a variety of services and leisure options. Following economic liberalization in India in 1991, the Indian automotive industry has demonstrated sustained growth as a result of increased competitiveness and relaxed restrictions. Several Indian automobile manufacturers expanded their domestic and international operations. India's robust economy led to the further expansion of its domestic automobile market which attracted significant India-specific investment by multinational automobile manufacturers.

World over, the state of the automobile industry has served as a barometer of the fortunes of the industrial sector as a whole. The state of consumer demand is reflected in auto sales which in turn have wide repercussions because of extensive linkages with suppliers. It is therefore a happy fact that the automobile sector is one of the fastest growing industries in India. The encouraging policy environment, continuously raising incomes and the increasing availability of consumer finance is likely to ensure that the auto industry continues its present rate of expansion. Taking into account the changes in the road transport technology, pattern of passenger and freight movements, development of the road network in the country and particularly improved technology in the motor vehicle management, the Motor Vehicle Act 1939 was consolidated and amended by parliament, which is now called the Central Motor Vehicles Act 1988.The said act empowers the Central Government to frame rules under provisions of the Act. Road Transport in India is primarily the responsibility of the State Government and U.T. Administrations. The State Govt. and Union Territory Administrations regulate road transport under the provisions of the relevant Motor Vehicle Act/rules in the respective states. Data collected from different source agencies is compiled and published by the Transport Research Wing of Ministry of Road Transport and High Ways.

Highlights[edit]

• The number of two wheelers registered in India has increased from 38.56 millions in 2000-2001 to 64.74 million in 2005-06 registering an increase of 68% over the period, while the number of Light Motor Vehicles (passengers) and Jeeps showed a modest increase of 40% and 22% respectively during the same period. The total number of cars registered has increased from 52.97 million in 2000-2001 to 91.01million in 2005-06 which show an impressive increase of 72% during the period. 285

• As on 31st March, 2006, maximum number of two wheelers are in Tamilnadu (12.2%) followed by Maharastra (11.9%), Gujarat (9.8%) and then Uttar Pradesh (9.4%). During the same period, maximum number of Light Motor Vehicles (passengers) are in Maharastra (21.2), followed by Kerala (13.7%), Gujarat (13.5%) and Andhra Pradesh (12.0%)

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Dmg Special Modes Of Travel Agent

• As on 31st March, 2006, around 50 % of total jeeps are in Karnatka and Maharastra while maximum number of cars is in Delhi 13.4% followed by Maharastra (12.7%)

. • Out of 0.76 Million Buses in March 2006, 16.7% buses are in Kerala alone. Maximum number of goods vehicle are in Maharastra (14.5%) followed by Tamilnadu (12.7%). In Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Karnatka, Kerala, Rajasthan and West Bengal number of good vehicles varies between 5% to 6% of total goods vehicle.

• State revenue from road transport which includes Motor Vehicle taxes and fees Sales Tax on Motor spirit & lubricants, Sales Taxes on passenger & goods traffic, has increased 151% from 2001 to 2007.

• Central revenue from Motor Vehicles, which includes Import Duty and Excise Duty from Motor vehicles and accessories, Tyres and tubes, High Speed Diesel Oil , Motor spirit fuel has increased 136.7 % from 2001 to 2007.

• Number of Kilometers performed by the State Transport Undertakings is not showing any increasing trend, it has come down from 455305 (Million km) in 20001 to 425490 (Million km) in 2005. In 2005, maximum Kilometer performed around 30.4% of total Kilometer performed is from Tamilnadu, followed by Andhra Pradesh 17.9% and then Maharastra 15.4%.

Worldwide comparison of the most important transport[edit]

Other Modes Of Travel

Worldwide, the most widely used modes for passenger transport are the Automobile (16,000 bn passenger km), followed by Buses (7,000), Air (2,800), Railways (1,900), and Urban Rail (250).^[20]

The most widely used modes for freight transport are Sea (40,000 bn ton km), followed by Road (7,000), Railways (6,500), Oil pipelines (2,000) and Inland Navigation (1,500).^[20]

Ancient Modes Of Travel

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Dmg Special Modes Of Travel Insurance

1. ^Cooper et al., 1998: 281
2. ^ ^abSwine flu prompts EU warning on travel to US. The Guardian. April 28, 2009.
3. ^The Future of Air Transport White Paper (2009), HMSO 'The aviation industry is encouraged to take account of, and where appropriate reduce, its contribution to global warming..The impact of aviation on climate change is increased over that of direct CO₂ emissions alone by some of the other emissions released and their specific effects at altitude'.
4. ^IPCC, Aviation and the Global Atmosphere: A Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2000), Cambridge University Press
5. ^Why airfare keeps rising despite lower oil pricesArchived 2014-11-20 at the Wayback Machine, by Scott Mayerowitz, Assoc. Press Airlines Writer. Houston Chron., November 17, 2014.
6. ^Cohen, S.; Higham, J.; Cavaliere, C. (2011). 'Binge flying: Behavioural addiction and climate change'(PDF). Annals of Tourism Research. 38 (3): 1070–1089. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2011.01.013.
7. ^Cohen, S. A.; Higham, J. E. (2011). 'Eyes wide shut? UK consumer perceptions on aviation climate impacts and travel decisions to New Zealand'(PDF). Current Issues in Tourism. 14 (4): 323–335. doi:10.1080/13683501003653387.
8. ^Anderson, K.; Bows, A. (2008). 'Reframing the climate change challenge in light of post-2000 emission trends'. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 366 (1882): 3863–3882. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0138. PMID18757271.
9. ^Jenkins S. (2009). Hypermobility is now the opium of the people, an obsession that wrecks communities and planet. The Guardian. 22 Dec. 2009.
10. ^Rosenthal E. (2010). Can we kick our addiction to flying? Guardian, UK. 24 May 2010.
11. ^Internet search for travel addiction.
12. ^Cooper et al., 1998: 279
13. ^Cooper et al., 1998: 278
14. ^United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 2007, p. x and p. 32.
15. ^Stopford, 1997: 4–6
16. ^Stopford, 1997: 8–9
17. ^Cooper et al., 1998: 280
18. ^'Zipline - Lifesaving Deliveries by Drone'. flyzipline.com. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
19. ^(PDF)http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Statistical_year_book_india_chapters/MOTOR%20VEHICLE-WRITEUP_2.pdf.Missing or empty title= (help)
20. ^ ^abchttp://www.uni-mannheim.de/edz/pdf/2000/transstat.pdf

Dmg Special Modes Of Travel Insurance